The host can explore the body by sending a Particular frame known as the discovery body, which spreads from the total network making use of all feasible paths to the destination.
Gateways are also known as protocol converters and might function at any network layer. Gateways are usually much more complicated than switches 슬롯 or routers.
A hub is a multi-port repeater. A hub connects several wires coming from distinctive branches, for instance, the connector in star topology which connects diverse stations. Hubs simply cannot filter information, so info packets are despatched to all related devices.